[0001 [0122 [0000 Ec[000000]LBAcademy AwardsB Prizes given by the American Academy of Film each year for outstanding work in films. Ec[000000]f[16]LBacademyB Educational institution, such as a school or college. Ec[000000]f[16]LBaltoB In music alto refers to a range that is a range below soprano and above tenor. For example, the female voice that sings alto would be singing below soprano. The viola plays the alto range. Ec[000000]f[16]LBariaB A musical vocal for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass found in operas, cantatas, passions, and oratories. Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaroqueB The name describing a period of music, art, and literature, approximately 1600-1750. Things described as baroque are highly ornamented, decorated, and have an energetic feel. Famous Baroque composers include Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, Corelli, Scarlatti, Purcell, and Monteverdi. Ec[000000]f[16]LFBaroque music is mostly based on religious themes. Ec[000000]f[16]LBbassB In music bass refers to a range that is below tenor. The bass voice is below baritone. Male vocal ranges are baritone (between tenor and bass), bass, or basso profundo, the very deepest, most resonant sound. A Russian male chorus always has a Basso profundo. Instrumentally, the Ec[000000]f[16]LFcontrabass is the bass-instrument section of an orchestra. Ec[000000]f[16]LBbass clefB Sign written on music paper designating the staff of music as the location of the tenor and bass parts. Ec[000000]f[16]LBbrush woodB Small pieces of wood generally, used as kindling to start fires. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcantataB Cantata is Italian for "a sung piece." It is an extended choral work, with or without solo voices, and usually with orchestral accompaniment. It was used often within a religious service, rather than a special concert performance. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcantorB Person who leads a church choir and/or congregation in singing songs or repeated responses. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcapriccioB A lighthearted musical work with a free style. Ec[000000]f[16]LBchamber musicB Music for the home (la chamber or salle) or smaller concert hall. It can be played by string quartet, trios, duets, small orchestra, or chorus. The piano trios of Haydn are an example. Ec[000000]f[16]LBchapelB Small religious hall or room. Ec[000000]f[16]LBchoirB Singing group, frequently associated with a school or church. Ec[000000]f[16]LBchorusB A group of singers usually singing in three or four parts, soprano, alto, tenor, bass. A chorus may be very large and some sing in more than four parts creating an even more complex vocal sound. The word chorus may also refer to choral speaking, commenting on the action of a drama--as Ec[000000]f[16]LFin Greek Tragedy. In a song, a chorus is distinguished from a verse, such as "Polly Wally Doodle": Verse: "I Went Down South...." Chorus: "Fare Thee Well...." Ec[000000]f[16]LBchristenedB Bapatized into the Christian church. Ec[000000]f[16]LBClassicalB The name describing a period of music, approximately 1750-1825. Classical music is very balanced and symmetrical, following the musical rules that had been established by that time. Classical music is mostly secular and spotlights the newly invented piano and a much larger Ec[000000]f[16]LFinstrumental group (compared to the chamber groups of the Baroque): the symphony orchestra. Principal Classical era musicians include Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, and Schubert. (Beethoven's work also extends into the next era, the Romantic period.) Ec[000000]f[16]LBclavierB A keyboard instrument, forerunner of the piano. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcommunistsB Persons who believe and practice the ideals of communism; state ownership of the means of production and the general sharing, supervised by the government, of all profits made in business. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcomposerB A person who creates original music. A person who is able to take a new musical idea or ideas and compose them into a longer piece that has form and content, and that has not existed before. A composer must have vision, technique, and great discipline to bring his/her ideas Ec[000000]f[16]LFand emotions to the written page for the performance of his/her work by others. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcompositionsB In music, a composition is the result of putting together various parts of music in the creation of a whole. Ec[000000]f[16]LBconcertoB A musical work for instrumental soloists with orchestral accompaniment. An example is Bach's IBrandenberg ConcertosI. Ec[000000]f[16]LBconservatoryB School devoted to the education of musicians or dramatic artists. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcords of woodB Stacks of fire wood measuring 4' x 4' x 8'. This unit is used for sale and delivery of measured quantities of fire wood. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcounterpointB Single musical lines that play off each other; each part is equally important. Ec[000000]f[16]LBcountessB Woman who is married to a Count; a title of nobility common to Europe and England. Ec[000000]f[16]LBduetB A musical work for two musicians sometimes with accompaniment. Ec[000000]f[16]LBFerde GrofeB Twentieth-century American composer of the IGrand Canyon Suite.I Ec[000000]f[16]LBFreidrich WieckB Father of famed pianist Clara Wieck Schumann, teacher of Robert Schumann, and eventually his father-in-law. Ec[000000]f[16]LBfugueB A complex musical form; the theme re-enters at a higher or lower pitch after the first statement of the theme. This normally occurs in four parts. The themes are restated in different keys; the result is a tapestry of sound built on themes, counter themes, retrograde (reverse) themes, and Ec[000000]f[16]LFstretto (stress) created by bringing in themes much closer together. Bach's organ and keyboard works include some of the greatest fugues ever composed. Ec[000000]f[16]LBGlinkaB Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka was a Russian Composer who lived from 1804 to 1857. His early use of folk themes in his music inspired the nationalism in such Romantic Russian composers as Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov. Ec[000000]f[16]LBIGrand Canyon SuiteBI Music written by Ferde Grofe celebrated the beauty and majesty of the Grand Canyon. Ec[000000]f[16]LBgrievedB Very sad. Ec[000000]f[16]LBhalf stepB The distance between two musical pitches that on a keyboard are played exactly next to each other, whether black or white. For instance, on a keyboard play from C to C-sharp, or E to F. Ec[000000]f[16]LBHans Christian AndersonB Danish story and fairy tale writer who lived from 1805 to 1875. Ec[000000]f[16]LBharmoniousB In music, two or more notes that, when played together, sound compatible and comfortable to the ear. Ec[000000]f[16]LBharpsichordB Keyboard instrument that produces sound when a key is struck and it, in turn, triggers the plucking of a string by a quill. Ec[000000]f[16]LBHeidelbergB Beautiful German city with an ancient castle overlooking the city from a hillside. The city is known as the home to a fine university and as the city in which many famous musicians studied and performed. Ec[000000]f[16]LBHeineB Heinrich Heine, a Romantic/Nationalist German poet and social essayist who lived from 1797 to 1856. Ec[000000]f[16]LBinventionB A musical idea. Bach wrote two- and three-part inventions for keyboard. An invention is used to create a counterpuntal work, which is based on counterpoint. Ec[000000]f[16]LBjuvenileB Having to do with young children. Ec[000000]f[16]LBkeyB Is the scale on which a piece is based. This may be C Major, (C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C) or G Minor (G, A, B flat, C, D, E flat, F sharp, G) in the harmonic form--or many other scales. The key signature at the beginning of the written music tells you what sharps and flats you are to play or Ec[000000]f[16]LFsing. From clues in the piece itself, you will know whether it is a minor or major key. Ec[000000]f[16]LBkey signatureB The sign at the beginning of the written music that tells you what key you are playing or singing in and what adjustments of sharps (up 1/2 step) and flats (down 1/2 step) you must make in the notes. Ec[000000]f[16]LBlattice workB Open, but crossing, woodwork pattern, usually in the shape of an X, used to decorate the fronts of china closets and enclosed bookshelves. Ec[000000]f[16]LBlegendB Person whose deeds and exploits are talked about in his or her own time, and then stories about this notable person are handed down generation after generation. Ec[000000]f[16]LBlibrettoB The written text of an opera. Ec[000000]f[16]LBliederB Plural for lied, the German word for "song." Lieder usually refers to the Romantic art songs composed during the nineteenth century. They are usually sung by a soloist accompanied by a piano. Ec[000000]f[16]LBliteraryB Having to do with the written word, especially with those works of literature considered classic or enduring in terms of their style, content, and theme. Ec[000000]f[16]LBmajor keyB A key consisting of seven different notes, with the third degree raised half a step. This key produces music that is sometimes described as happy or normal, as opposed to the sad or mysterious sound of a minor key. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMassB The central religious service of the Roman Catholic Church consisting of specific prayers, songs, communion, etc. A musical mass follows the format of the church service with special music repeating in a much more elaborate way what might ordinarily have been said by a speaker. Ec[000000]f[16]LBMetten ScholarsB A select group of boys at St. Michael's of Luneberg said to be the finest choir in Germany. Ec[000000]f[16]LBminor keyB A key, sometimes described as sad or mysterious sounding, consisting of seven different notes, with the third degree lowered half a step. Ec[000000]f[16]LBminuetB An elegant dance in 3/4 time. Mozart's first composition was IMinuet and TrioI, done when he was 5 or 6. Ec[000000]f[16]LBmodernB Modern is the name describing a period of music, art, and literature, approximately 1900 to the present. Modern music breaks away from the traditional scales and forms of earlier musical styles. It often reflects the mechanization of modern society and often includes new electronic Ec[000000]f[16]LFinstruments. Famous modern composers include Charles Ives, Philip Glass, Berg, Stravinsky, and Schoenberg. Also called "Twentieth-century." Ec[000000]f[16]LBmovementB Refers to a self-contained section of music in a large composition such as a symphony or sonata. Ec[000000]f[16]LBnobilityB People of titled rank, but not as high as a king or queen. Ec[000000]f[16]LBnobleB Titled person who is of lessor rank than a king. Ec[000000]f[16]LBnoblemenB Persons who hold titles given by a king, but who are not a high in rank as a king. Ec[000000]f[16]LBoperaB A music drama that involves soloists, often a chorus, and an orchestra. It may be based on religious, secular (non-religious), or mythical themes. Its libretto is, with few exceptions, entirely sung and often in Italian. There are normally elaborate stage sets, fantastic costumes, lighting and dance. Ec[000000]f[16]LBopusB From the Latin word meaning work. Opus, along with an assigned number, is used to designate various compositions by various composers. The lower the opus number, generally, the earlier the work was written. Ec[000000]f[16]LBoratorioB A musical work based on religious themes. Choristers, soloists, and instrumentalists perform the arias, recitatives, duets, trios, quartets, and choruses that tell the story. Ec[000000]f[16]LBorganistB Player of an organ. Ec[000000]f[16]LBOscarB Name of the statue that is given to those winning Academy Awards, American prizes for superior work in and on films. Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaganiniB Nicolo Paganini, a Romantic Italian violinist and composer who lived from 1782-1840. Paganini was a virtuoso, which means he excelled far beyond the a normal level of expertise in instrument-playing ability. Ec[000000]f[16]LBPassionB A musical work based on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. A passion has arias, recitatives, choruses, and is often named after the Bible's New Testament Book, from which the text, (written word) is taken, i.e. St. Matthew or St. John. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpipe organB An instrument played with hands on one or more keyboards and with the feet on a pedal keyboard. Sound is created when a key is pressed down; this opens the valve of a pipe or pipes, air from the wind box (chamber) blows through the pipe. Sound can be soft or majestic, almost Ec[000000]f[16]LFoverwhelmingly powerful, depending on the number of pipes opened to sound together. The organ has been called the King of Instruments. J.S. Bach fused all of the old techniques into the greatest compositions ever created for the pipe organ. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpitchB A musical tone that may be high, low, or mid-range. Musicians are on pitch or off pitch, meaning they sing in tune or out of tune, which is called "flat" (under true pitch) or "sharp" (over true pitch). Some are born with perfect pitch. It annoys them to hear something out of tune. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpoetB A person who writes poetry. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpoetryB A work of literature in verse or metrical form. Ec[000000]f[16]LBprixB French for prize. Ec[000000]f[16]LBprodigyB Young person with exceptional powers or talents, such as a child who can play the violin like a highly trained adult. Ec[000000]f[16]LBpsychologistB Person who practices psychotherapy and counseling to help people identify and deal with their problems. Ec[000000]f[16]LBquartetB A musical work for four musicians, sometimes with accompaniment. A quartet with accompaniment would be four string players of a string quartet, with a piano. Ec[000000]f[16]LBquintetB A musical work for five musicians playing together. A woodwind quintet consists of a flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and French horn. Ec[000000]f[16]LBrapB Late twentieth-century rhythmic music in which the singer recites rather than sings the words with regard to a particular rhythm rather than melody. Ec[000000]f[16]LBrecitativeB A reciting by a singer of events that move along the story being sung in an oratorio, cantata, or passion. For example, in Handel's IMessiahI, a soprano sings, "There were shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flocks by night." Musically, recitatives are usually rather Ec[000000]f[16]LFplain (no counterpoint, no fugues, only the simple chords on a keyboard instrument supporting the soloist). Recitatives are often followed by the chorus commentary on the impact of the event. In IMessiahI, for example, the recitative about shepherds is followed by the chorus rejoicing: "Glory to God in the Highest, and peace, good will toward men on Earth." Ec[000000]f[16]LBrequiemB A religious musical work, usually for chorus, sung in memory of a person who has died. It has several movements, often following the Mass of the Catholic Church. Mozart was working on a requiem when he died. Ec[000000]f[16]LBResurrectionB Relating to rising from the dead, especially or Christ and his believers in the Christian faith. Ec[000000]f[16]LBRhineB A beautiful river that starts in the mountains of Switzerland, runs northwest through Germany and the Netherlands, and empties into the North Sea. Ec[000000]f[16]LBRichterB Jean Paul Richter, famous German writer who lived from 1763-1825, known for his humorous and sensitive sentimental novels. Ec[000000]f[16]LBRomanticB The name describing a period of music, literature, and art, approximately 1825-1900. Romantic music breaks away somewhat from the strict rules of the Classical period and displays great emotion with dynamics and choice of instruments with different tones. Romantic Ec[000000]f[16]LFthemes often included nature, the exotic, and nationalism, the latter heard in compositions based on folk music. Famous Romantic composers include Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Schumann, Grieg, Mendelssohn, and Brahms. Several modern composers have carried on the nationalism theme in their music as well; they include Copland, Prokofiev, Ec[000000]f[16]LFRakhmaninov, Bartok, Ravel, and Debussy. Ec[000000]f[16]LBroundB A simple song sung by having the melody begin with a second voice after the first part begins. An example is IRow, Row, Row Your BoatI. There can be 2-, 3-, and 4-part rounds. Ec[000000]f[16]LBRussian OthodoxB Sect of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Ec[000000]f[16]LBscholarsB Students who excel in a particular subject; anyone who pursues knowledge. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsemi-conductorsB Various material that conduct, or transfer, electricity better than insulator but not as well as good conductors. Silicon is a semi-conductor used in computers. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsoloB Italian word for alone; A soloist is a singer or instrumentalist, who often performs with accompaniment of keyboard or orchestra. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsonataB Instrumental composition written in several movements for solo performer or small musical group. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsonata formB Is a shortened way of saying sonato allegro form. It refers to the statement, development, and restatement of a musical theme in a sonata movement. In the first part, the theme is stated; in the next part it is developed and elaborated on; finally the theme is restated in a more Ec[000000]f[16]LFelaborate manner in a recap of the original theme. Many listeners and musicians believe this is what makes a sonata, or symphony, so satisfying: the journey from the theme into different worlds with that theme, carried there by the composer's inventiveness, skill, and inspiration, then the return home via the theme's recap. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsopranoB In music soprano refers to a range that is a range above all others. For example, the female voice that sings soprano would be singing above the alto. The violin plays the soprano range. A mezzo soprano sings in the middle range. IMezzoI is the Italian word for medium. (Italian is the Ec[000000]f[16]LFlanguage of music.) Some sopranos may be able to sing a "High C," which is 2 octaves above middle C. Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. Petersburg Conservatory of MusicB Russian music school that Tchaikovsky attended and at which he later taught. Ec[000000]f[16]LBstring quartetB A group of four string players, including two violins, viola, and cello. Ec[000000]f[16]LBSuzuki methodB Method of teaching piano, violin, and other musical instruments, popularized by Shinichi Suzuki in the late 1900s. Unlike traditional methods, which teach music reading first, the Suzuki method is one that stresses listening and imitation (similar to language development in young children) for early learning of music performance. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsymphonic poemB Musical composition that conveys mood and feeling in its various parts, similar to a poem written in words. Ec[000000]f[16]LBsymphonyB A piece for orchestra, such as in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, which is one of the few symphonies with the addition of a chorus. Usually four separate movements comprise a symphony, each movement being divided into a different musical form. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtechniqueB Method of doing something, especially in the performance of a skilled operation. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtemperamentB An equal tempered scale allows a performer to play in any key. Tempering is adjusting the twelve semitones in a scale so that they are all the same distance apart. The piano, the modern organ, and other fixed-pitch modern instruments are tuned to equal temperament. Bach's IWell-Ec[000000]f[16]LIFTempered ClavierI was the first showcase of this new idea. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtempoB Speed of music; comes from the Italian word for time. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtenorB In music tenor refers to a range that is below the alto and above the bass. Male voices sing in the tenor range. There are also, though rare, counter tenors who are able to sing in the alto range. A tenor may also be capable of singing in falsetto (Italian for false), giving a high-pitched soft tone. The cello is in the tenor range. Ec[000000]f[16]LBthemeB A musical phrase or idea with beginning, middle, and end that begins a piece. A literary analogy would be the topic sentence in a paragraph that may get restated in many different ways in the paragraph. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtoccataB Often a fiery, virtuoso, brilliant piece, requiring great technique on the part of the performer. IToccataI means touch in Italian. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtreble clefB Sign written on music paper designating the staff of music as the location of the soprano and alto parts. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtrioB A musical work for three musicians, sometimes with accompaniment. Ec[000000]f[16]LBtwentieth centuryB Twentieth-century is the name describing a period of music, art, and literature, approximately 1900 to the present. Modern music breaks away from the traditional scales and forms of earlier musical styles. It often reflects the mechanization of modern society and Ec[000000]f[16]LFoften includes new electronic instruments. Famous modern composers include Charles Ives, Philip Glass, Berg, Stravinsky, and Schoenberg. Also, called "Modern." Ec[000000]f[16]LBvariationB Displays the composer's inventiveness in taking a theme and doing different things with it. Bach's first published music was INine Variations on a March ThemeI. Ec[000000]f[16]LBvirtuosoB A musician or performer of any sort who has great technique, the fire of emotion, and brilliant delivery. Ec[000000]f[16]LBwhole stepB The distance between two musical pitches where there is always be a note, black or white, in between to make a whole step. For instance, on a keyboard play from C to D, D to E, or E to F sharp. Ec[000000]f[16]LBWorld War IB Fought from 1914-1918, a war between Germany and its allies and England and its allies, including the United States. Germany lost the war.